An Exploration of Dulness In Popes Dunciad - Literature Essay Samples

One of Popes most fundamental premises in The Dunciad is the idea that the demise of the word cannot be blamed solely on the Grub Street hacks but also on academicians at large. Not only does the uncreating word of Chaos (IV 653) pose as a religious and moral Armageddon this allusion to the reinstatement of conditions that existed before creation being perhaps the most sinister image in the poems entirety but also as a semantic and creative apocalypse. The textual critics such as the Tibbaldian hero of the previous editions of The Dunciad, clearly contribute to this dissolution, and their effect on the authors wits whom they study is violent and brutal: When Dulness, smiling Thus revive the Wits! But murder first, and mince them all to bits Let standard authors, thus, like trophies born, Appear more glorious as more hackd and torn, And you, my Critics! in the chequerd shade, Admire new light through holes yourselves have made. (IV 119-126)Among the vast army of personae attac ked by Pope in The Dunciad, two characters, Dr Busby and Richard Bentley are satirised at some length and as such, are held as the arch propagators of academic Dulness. Being projected very much as Dulness chief representative in schools, Busbys heavy pedantry and a heavier hand is shown to debar pupils from genuine enlightenment: We ply the Memory, we load the brain, Bind rebel Wit, and double chain on chain, Confine the thought, to exercise the breath; And keep them in the pale of Words till death. Whater the talents, or hower designd, We hang one jingling padlock on the mind. (IV 157-162)Warburtons annotations to these lines likens the versified mnemonics in rote-learning as practiced by Dr Busby in Winchester to the bells put onto draught horses bridles, emphasises Popes own satire of an inescapable academic world in which, words instead of being a means to knowledge, are built into a barrier against it. This idea of textual Dulness as repressive, burdensome, and imprisoni ng has also been presented earlier to the reader: Beneath her footstool, Science groans in chains, And Wit dreads exile, penalties, and pains. There foamd rebellious Logic , gaggd and bound, There, strippd, fair Rhetric languishd on the ground (IV 21-24)But Popes satire extends beyond Busbys stick-wielding classroom habits to political Dulness, immaturity and consequently independence, in the sense that the Boy-Senator, even after leaving school, still cringes in fear of being punished. As Valerie Rumbold notes, when such young men leave school Walpole takes on the absolute power of a Busby over them, making nonsense of their supposed role as representatives of a free people. Pope seems to suggest that this education can be of little use as it takes no more account of the varying demands life will make on the students than it does of their varying talents. Seemingly, Busbys academic Dulness not only stunts free-thinking creative growth, but also his influence resurfaces as a de bilitating trait in his students later on in their careers.Yet another perfect bÃÆ'Â ªte noire for the ancients such as Pope, Bentleys mangling of the text of Miltons Paradise Lost is also exemplary for corrupting words in what is considered to be a superficial, unnecessary, and irrelevant exercise: Turn what they will to verse, their toil is vain, Critics like me shall make it prose again. (IV 213-214)Bentleys enlightened concern with accuracy is deliberately confounded with his Enlightenment arrogance, his inability to allow the dead poet his autonomy. As J. Philip Brockbank notes, Our education, as transmitters of literary tradition, have some place in the creation story, and their function, according to Pope, has been to subdue all creative art to dullness. Having once censured Dunce scholars such as Bentley and Theobald who either over-analyse texts (particularly problematic if the mistakes found therein are from Popes own works) or fragment literature to a series of meaning less words and disjointed letters, which cease therefore to signify, (Tis true, on words is still our whole debate,/ Disputes of Me or Te , of aut or at,/ To sound or sink in cano , O or A,/ Or give up Cicero to C or K {IV 219-222}) Popes satire on Dulness is further applied to the incongruity of things. The way the characters in The Rape of the Lock attach immoderate importance to particular objects (the lock of hair itself), is one of Popes chief sources of social and cultural comment. In it, there is also a tendency for routine objects to be invested with almost religious significance and to be registered as precious or attractive. The same method is employed in The Dunciad, but the transitions which the objects experience are different. As critic Martin Blocksidge notes, Wherein The Rape of the Lock the trivial was made significant, in The Dunciad, the potentially significant is trivialised in order to present a view of culture and learning which has become fatally fragmented an d concerned with mere shards rather than with real objects. The whole superficiality of learning and apprehension is summed up in Popes treatment of the young man undertaking his grand tour. Pope offers a criticism of tourists which has with time become commonplace enough: that they are likely to visit places simply for the joy of having been there, rather than because they are particularly well equipped to get anything out of what they see. Popes young Aeneas makes a breezy whistle-stop tour of Europe: Intrepid then, oer seas and lands he flew, Europe he saw, and Europe saw him too(IV 293-294)Not only are Europes cultural monuments cheapened by the young mans indiscriminating avidity before them (The Stews and Palace equally explord/ Intrigd with glory, and with spirit whord {315-6}), some are degraded by time anyway. For example, the once-great city of Venice is now merely effete and vicious: Where, easd of Fleets, the Adriatic main Wafts the smooth Eunuch and enamourd swain. Led by my hand, he saunterd Europe round, And gatherd evry Vice on Christian ground; (IV 309-312)Introducing a satirical account of what was considered to be a necessary part in the completion of the education of the member of the ruling class in the eighteenth century, this Grand Tour did little to mature the minds of the young travellers but instead was blamed for introducing foreign corruption into politics, religion and culture, as well as allowing the men to indulge in unrestrained debauchery in a city of decadent carnivals involving masking and fancy dress. And Venice, in dull decline despite a proud tradition of liberty, can furthermore also be seen as a specific warning to Britain.

History of Educational Technology - 2941 Words

History of Educational Technology Educational technology in a way could be traced back to the emergence of very early tools, e.g., paintings on cave walls. But usually its history starts with educational film (1900s) or Sidney Presseys mechanical teaching machines in the 1920s. The first large scale usage of new technologies can be traced to US WWII training of soldiers through training films and other mediated materials. Today, presentation-based technology, based on the idea that people can learn through aural and visual reception, exists in many forms, e.g., streaming audio and video, or PowerPoint presentations with voice-over. Another interesting invention of the 1940s was hypertext, i.e., V. Bushs memex. The 1950s led to two†¦show more content†¦Some literature uses the concept of integrated learning to describe blended learning scenarios that integrate both school and authentic (e.g., workplace) settings. There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages. The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids. The second stage of educational technology is associated with the electronic revolution with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly,Show MoreRelatedHistory of Educational Technology2929 Words   |  12 PagesHistory of Educational Technology Educational technology in a way could be traced back to the emergence of very early tools, e.g., paintings on cave walls. But usually its history starts with educational film (1900s) or Sidney Presseys mechanical teaching machines in the 1920s. The first large scale usage of new technologies can be traced to US WWII training of soldiers through training films and other mediated materials. Today, presentation-based technology, based on the idea that people can learnRead MoreUse of Technology in the Classroom: Potentials and Pitfalls Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Technology in the Classroom: Potentials and Pitfalls In the last decade, increasingly powerful technologies have begun to make their way into classrooms across the nation. Many classrooms are now equipped with personal computers that run educational software to help teach students facts and concepts in a more engaging way than a traditional lecture. Advances in telecommunications technologies have led to almost universal access to the Internet, allowing students and teachers to communicateRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Young Children1118 Words   |  5 Pagesseen the evolution of technology. Society has gone from having just one TV in the home to being immersed where technology is surrounding people everywhere they turn. 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The book identifies the major educational theorists and outlines the ideas that shaped the development of vocationalRead MoreMobile Computing And The Creation Of The Internet1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe grand scheme of technology. In comparison, education has always been a stickler for the removal of technology unless absolute need of it came about. To analyze the impact of technology, and more specifically mobile computing, a letdown of a few old-fashioned rules has had to occu r and still must occur for any true level of educational and technological efficiency to happen. Education of technology need to be integrated and having it become mobile could only help the educational process because thatRead MoreTeaching History in Schools Depends on the Source1073 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation, reacting and indulging differently if that information comes from an educational outlet than that of a social or even private source. This is especially the case with history with more students feeling overwhelmed and unattached to history information supplied to them through classrooms or teachers but respond well to history when it is received through media outlets, technology or just outside the educational system. Maybe it is due to the students’ perception that anything taught at schoolRead MoreConquering the Generation Gap825 Words   |  3 Pagesdiffer from the current generation in their use of technology and their integration of educational methods. O lder generations did not have the technological advancements and opportunities that are available now, nor did they have access to these technologies for educational purposes. Successful efforts are being made each day to bridge the technological and educational gap. One thing that has continued to advance steadily throughout history is technology. Generations pass as technological knowledge increasesRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom1323 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers, in some instances smartboards, but overall the influence of technology in the classroom is limited. This scene is practically identical to every other classroom across the country. Although society has evolved to embrace technology, the American classroom has had little alteration to its scenery and little acceptance of technology in educating students. In contrast to the past, the classroom and the educational techniques used in the twenty-first century have evolved. Throughout theRead MoreThe Formulation Of Public Policy871 Words   |  4 Pageshow policy is made and fails to define policy. Levison and Sutton (2001) also define policy as a verb by equating policy â€Å"as a practice of power† (p. 2). This definition implies that policymakers are powerful when in there have been times in our history that marginalized groups of people acquired more power as a result of policy. Groups such as the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered community (or communities, depending on your perspective), could hardly be described as powerful yet they areRead MoreThe Educational Value Of Virtual Reality1686 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I Have a Question!†: The Educational Value of Virtual Reality Since the 1950’s, virtual reality (VR) has been hovering on the periphery of technology without achieving accepted mainstream application or commercial adoption. However, that is beginning to change and virtual reality has become a popular topic within the latest technological headlines. According to TechCrunch, VR startups have raised more than $1.46 billion in venture capital, and people believe that this is the year that VR will finally

Business Plan for Small Cafe - 9665 Words

Table of Content Marketing Plan 4 Introduce the product and/or service 4 Define the Market 4 Company Location 4 Demographics: 5 Demonstrate a market need, define market drivers: 5 Market Segmentation 5 Consumer and Menu Trends 6 Competition: 7 The Market and Competition 8 Government regulation 9 Business Cycle 9 Marketing Strategy 10 Pricing 11 Packaging 11 Advertising 11 Promotions 12 Distribution 13 Selling Incentives 13 Location Analysis 13 New Product Development 13 Sales Forecast: 14 Market Share: 15 Marketing Salaries Budget: 15 Competition 16 Legitimize claims and assertions 17 Marketing Budget 17 Operations Plan- The Enclave Bistro 17 Mission 18 Positioning Statement 18 Product and Service 18†¦show more content†¦Dual Working adult families that prefer to dine-out with family and friends. Healthy eating individuals that are intrigued with enjoying a diverse selection of healthy recipes consisting of low-crabs, low-fat and organic foods. Consumer and Menu Trends What s Hot on Restaurant Menus? A survey of more than 1,000 chefs shows that some of the hottest menu trends are bite-sized desserts, locally grown and organic produce, flatbread and bottled water. Additional hot items include pomegranates; figs; grass-fed and free-range meat; fresh herbs and exotic mushrooms; whole-grain breads and focaccia; Mediterranean, Latin American and Pan Asian fusion cuisines; salts, aged meats and ginger; pan-seared, grilled and braised items; specialty sandwiches; and Asian appetizers. (Information provided by Restaurant.org). Sales at full-service restaurants are projected to reach $182.9 billion in 2009, an increase of 1.0 percent over 2008. Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $163.8 billion in 2009, a gain of 4.0 percent over 2008. Eating-and-drinking places will see an increase in sales from 2008 of 2.2 percent, totaling $395 billion. (Information provided by Restaurant.org). 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As the shop owner of a cafe in a quiet part of Singapore that serves a range of snacks, simple meals and non alcoholic beverages, the competition from these global brands may signal the beginning of the end unless aggressive marketing steps are taken today. To this end, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to develop a marketing plan for such a cafà © in Singapore, followed by a summary of the research and importantRead MoreMarketing Plan For New Business Healthy Food Industry1727 Words   |  7 Pagesand marketing plan for new business in healthy food industry. The report presents the overview, competitors in the industry, target market and SWOT analysis. The aim of this report is to help you in designing market plan. There is rising potential business opportunity in this Industry because consumers are showing greater concerns over eating healthy. Therefore the numbers of potential and existing direct competitors are on rise too. 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The report presents the overview, competitors in the industry, target market and SWOT analysis. The aim of this report is to help you in designing market plan. There is rising potential business opportunity in this Industry because consumers are showing greater concerns over eating healthy. Therefore the numbers of potential and existing direct competitors are on rise too. However, tactical and strategically marketing plans could be used to neutraliseRead MoreSesame Target Market : Changing Lifestyles, New Technologies, And A Surging Number Of Working Adults1322 Words   |  6 Pages which has allowed Sunflower Rhythm Jazz Coffee Cafà © to put in strategic measures to take control of the market. Our initial intent is to target the residents of Charles County Maryland and this is estimated to account for more than half of Sunflower total sales. Sunflower Cafà © Demographic Description Sunflower Cafà © located in Waldorf, Maryland will serve its locality in the initial stage but after a successful startup it will extend its business operation to the rest of Charles County and WashingtonRead MoreBus 210 Swot977 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness 210 SWOT Analysis Danielle Jones October 10,2010 JavaNet Internet Cafà © is the first of its kind located in Eugene, Oregon. The goal of the company is to broaden the community’s accessibility to affordable Internet through social interaction and entertainment. JavaNet is the creation of University of Oregon graduate Cale Bruckner. Cale has business degrees in both Marketing and Management. His level of expertise also includes product development, product marketing, team management

Energy - the Evironment and Climate Change

Question: Describe the context/situation that has created the problem? Answer: Canada has a variant and wide range of ecosystem. It is known that 7 percent of the country is covered with rivers and lakes. Due to a huge area being covered by water, Canada has been a good resource for providing freshwater for a wide range of animals and birds. In addition to the supply of freshwater, Canada possesses the some of the biggest industries that are involved in extracting natural resources like uranium, oil and gas. However, recently Canada is facing a serious issue regarding climate change as the Arctic is suffering from global warming and is heating up faster than any other biome of the country (Smith, 2015). Due to the climate change in the Arctic region, Canada is also getting affected. Canada is the home for the polar bears; and it is due to the global warming that the polar bears are finding it difficult to survive in the homeland. The climate change is affecting the climate and other sectors of Canada at a huge rate. It has already been mentioned that, Canada possesses a number of industries for extracting gas, uranium and oil; however, these extractions contribute to the carbon emissions in the air. It is due to the emission that the country suffering from heavy air pollution. The urban population of the country is getting hugely affected by the air pollution. In addition to this, the government agencies have reported that it is due to the air pollution in the urban areas, the country is experiencing acid rain. Air pollution is gradually polluting the water and hence World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is also concerned about the ecosystem of the country as the dams that were built on the Canadian Rivers have been huge source of water for consumption, agriculture and for industrial purpose (Rabe, 2010). To counter the problems, Canada has signed a number of international treaties to protect the environment from the pollution. Canada has been the first nation to give the final consent to the UN convention on biological diversity. The government has taken necessary actions to protect 10 percent of the land mass of Canada along with protecting 3 million hectares of ocean. In addition to this, the people of Canada are taking initiative to control the extraction of natural resources of the country and taking measures to see that the extractions are done carefully with minimum emissions (Hodgson, 2010). Canada has signed various international treaties to combat the air pollution. In addition to this, the people living in Canada are advised to control the use of fossil fuels to control the air pollution. Once the people of Canada take measures to control the emissions regarding the extractions then the country would not have to indulge in making international treaties that contribute to extra financial expenditure. Controlling the extractions of the fossil fuel would not require any extra financial expenditure but just a bit of more responsibility shown from the part of the people living in the country will effectively reduce the air pollution Canada. In addition to the international treaties, Canada could impart awareness programs about controlling the extractions of fossil fuels. In this way, the people will learn more about the problems of the country and will take necessary measures to help the country solve the issues of air pollution Climate change: climate change can be defined as a change in the change in the climatic conditions of a particular region or the entire earth due to a change that has been occurring in the weather for a long period of time. The change can be witnessed either by a change in the weather conditions or by a change in weather and seasonal patterns of the region (Ensaa.eu, 2015). References Ensaa.eu,. (2015). Defining Climate Change. Retrieved 15 September 2015, from https://www.ensaa.eu/index.php/climate-change/97-defining-climate-change.html Hodgson, P. (2010). Energy, the environment and climate change. London: Imperial College Press. Rabe, B. (2010). Greenhouse governance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Smith, B. (2015). Canada: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology. Azocleantech.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015, from https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=563

The Ideas of Freedom and Slavery in Relation to the American Revolution

The American Revolution of 1765-1783 was developed as the demonstration of the Americans’ desire to become free from the British Empire’s influence and free to choose the path of the country’s democratic development. The Declaration of Independence of 1776 became the proclamation of the Americans’ rights to become independent regarding every aspect of their life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideas of Freedom and Slavery in Relation to the American Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the problem is in the point that in spite of the fact that during the American Revolution the idea of freedom was declared widely, the concept of freedom developed side by side with the principles of slavery. Thus, it is essential to answer the question about the possibilities of developing these concepts during the American Revolution. Although many Founders discussed the phenomenon of slavery as violating the appeals for freedom and liberty for the Americans, the concepts of slavery and freedom could develop side by side because the Founders did not discuss slaves as equal to ‘whites’, the ideas of freedom and equality stated in the Declaration were interpreted only with the focus on white people, and slavery played an essential role in the states’ economic progress. The idea of freedom or liberty stated in the Declaration of Independence can be considered as the founding principle to build the American society as it was proclaimed by the Founders. From this point, the American Revolution was the organized struggle for the freedom and liberty which were achieved as a result of many losses. Although freedom was the desired condition, to achieve freedom and liberty did not mean to provide that freedom for black slaves. Focusing on pursuing freedom, the Founders hoped to win the liberty only for white people, without concentrating on the need s of blacks. Thus, black slaves could not be discussed as equal to white people to become free after the end of the American Revolution because they were not even discussed as humans. From this perspective, the white Americans focused on fighting for freedom from the British rule, and their efforts were not associated with providing any freedom for black slaves. The achievement of the political freedom and social stability was not associated with the achievement of freedom for lowest social categories. The Declaration of Independence is the main result of the American Revolution, but this document cannot be discussed as granting the equality and liberty for blacks along with the white population of the United States. The Founders’ vision of equality and its relation to slavery as the social phenomenon was far from modern opinions on these concepts because black people were not discussed as humans to have the rights equal with the white people’s rights, but slaves were described only as creatures to rely on God’s will.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Developing the revolution, the Founders focused only on the equality of white people in the American society and on their freedom. In spite of the fact that the Founders criticized the fact of the obvious ‘color dominion’ in the American society, they do not combine the ideas of equality and freedom for whites and blacks. However, there were many Founders and activists who discussed the idea of slavery as violating the norms of free American society. In spite of the fact that they were persistent to promote the ideas on slavery abolition, the representatives of the upper classes from the Southern states focused much on the necessities to develop the institution of slavery because of its economic advantages for the South. Although the American Revolution did not bring freedom for slaves , it is essential to focus on the role of blacks in the war for independence. Thus, slaves contributed significantly to achieving the desired liberty and to developing the ideals of the democratic society for whites. Slaves were actively used in military activities to attack the enemy and to protect the lands. Many blacks served in the Continental army to contribute to the further victory of the Americans. The participation in the military activities guaranteed the desired freedom for many slaves because of their contribution to the progress of the American Revolution. However, the process had the negative consequences. The example of those slaves who were manumitted because of participating in the revolutionary activities inspired thousands of the other blacks who used the opportunity to escape from plantations. Nevertheless, in many cases, the revolution did not bring any sign of freedom for the majority of slaves. The ideas of freedom and slavery were developed side by side becau se slavery was the important condition to contribute to the economic progress of the Southern states. Plantation owners used the work of slaves widely, and it was almost impossible for them to refuse using the free work of blacks. In spite of the fact that slavery was discussed as the unhealthy element observed in the American society, few reforms and changes were proposed to change the situation because the economic advantages were obvious, and the Southern plantation owners did not want to risk under the impact of the problematic situation within the society. On the one hand, slavery was considered as the necessary condition to improve the American economy and to influence the development of the Southern states’ politics and society. Many economists agreed that the abolition of slavery could lead to irreversible consequences for the economic development of the South because of its weak economic structure based mainly on the work of slaves.Advertising We will write a cu stom essay sample on The Ideas of Freedom and Slavery in Relation to the American Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the institution of slavery was discussed as the controversial phenomenon which can become threatening to the white people because of many difficulties associated with controlling the constantly increasing number of blacks in the Southern states. Those black persons who received freedom after participating in the war and those who tried to run away from their plantation owners were discussed as the significant force which was ready to oppose the whites’ authority. However, these problems were not discussed by the Founders in their connection with the necessity to abolish slavery because the concept of freedom was interpreted only in the context of the white people’s rights. The ideals of freedom and slavery were developed during the American Revolution without affecting each othe r because the Founders refused accepting the idea of the necessary slavery abolition. The institution of slavery was the fundament for the economic development of the Southern states. Moreover, the Founders were not ready to accept the idea of the blacks’ equality to whites. All the statements associated with the equality and freedom found in the Declaration of Independence discussed Americans as God’s creatures, but not as equal white and black persons. That is why the idea of freedom proclaimed by the Founders did not contradict with the institution of slavery supported in the American society. This essay on The Ideas of Freedom and Slavery in Relation to the American Revolution was written and submitted by user Dario Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Easy Case Study Topics on Prehistoric Art

20 Easy Case Study Topics on Prehistoric Art Prehistoric art is one of the interesting essay subject matters out there due to the history and stories behind how our forefathers discovered art. Prehistoric art covers the time period before human literacy when art was the only form of communication and was also used as a medium of worship. And here is a brief introduction to Prehistoric art and the era that birthed it. Prehistoric art refers to the first art forms created by humans, Homo erectus, before and after the Stone Age approximately 500,000 years ago. Archeological findings show that these art forms evolved over time from the first scratches on cave walls using animal bones to more advanced paintings and drawings using blow pipes and feathers. The art works of the Prehistoric are also divided into three sections according to the era they were created in order to study and better understand the motives that drove prehistoric artist to create art. These sections are the lower, middle and upper Paleolithic era and they occurred 40,000 to 500,000 years ago. Now, that the subject matter of prehistoric art has been introduced, this article will not attempt to go into the details of prehistoric art but will provide students with cool topics on this subject matter. So in that vein, here are 20 easy case study topics covering prehistoric art. Deducing the Lifestyle of Prehistoric Humans through the Study Prehistoric Art. Understanding Prehistoric Art and the Meaning behind its Art Forms Making a Case for Religion and its Influence on Prehistoric Art Craft, Style and Creative Patterns used by Prehistoric Artist. Exploring the Painting Tools and Materials used in the Prehistoric Era A Study of Artworks from the Lower Paleolithic Age A study of Artworks from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic Era The Object and Subject Matters that Influenced Prehistoric Art The Origin and History of Prehistoric Art Analyzing the Venus Figurines from the Prehistoric Age Fertility and its Role in Prehistoric Art Forms The Sculpting Techniques and Materials used in Creating Prehistoric Art Prehistoric Artists and Their Fascination with Animals Prehistoric Art: The Symbolic Journey of Humankind The Cave Art Painting of the Lascaux Cave Reproduction and Sexuality in Prehistoric Art The Affectivity of Prehistoric Art through the Ages Cave Art: Discovering Prehistoric Humans through Pictures Exploring the Treasure Troves of Prehistoric Art Caves across Europe Early Human Artists in the Paleolithic Era These are some easy case study topics on prehistoric art that will help you kick start your essay or presentation on the topic of prehistoric art. The research required to develop content on the above listed topics is quite mild for research materials covering them can easily be found online or at your local/school library. Lastly, to aid your progress while drafting contents on any of the topics on the list we’ve also prepared a list of 10 selected facts for you as well as a complete guide on this topic and genre. Below is a sample case study written to provide some direction on how you should proceed. Sample Case Study: Deducing the Lifestyle of Prehistoric Humans through the Study of Prehistoric Art In most cases, art serves as a pictorial representation of the culture, religious beliefs and lifestyles of people in a community and prehistoric art is no different. Like contemporary artist, the artists from prehistoric times were influenced by their environment and how they perceived the world to be which they ended up depicting in the art works of their time. This means that it is possible to deduce how prehistoric man lived and made ends meet by studying the art forms their lives inspired. So here is an attempt to recreate prehistoric lifestyles using art works as the case studies or basis for deductions. The earliest drawings by cave men, as seen in the Franco-Calabrian caves, depicted animals and the hunt 90% of the time. These drawings consisted of bison, reindeers, mammoths etc. with arrows or spears sticking out of them. Other images consisted of humans drawn in stick like form hounding these animals in what looks like a hunt. Here, one can deduce that prehistoric men were more carnivorous than omnivorous for their diet consisted primarily of meat and other fact that substantiates these deduction is the lack of permanent residence as well as little or no farming skills exhibited by prehistoric societies. Health-wise, a diet solely dependent on meat with not enough vegetables and fruits to supplement it means that prehistoric humans would have suffered from scurvy, mumps and other diseases related to Vitamin C deficiencies. The paintings and drawings discovered in Indonesia’s Leang cave depicted rituals and ceremonies which were quite religious in nature. Although there is no proof that they believed in a supreme being, the gatherers and hunters who sought success in the fields in order to make it through the months believed in gods and goddesses of abundance, fertility and hunting. The entire catalogue of the Venus Figurines show cased women in various stages of pregnancy which included large mammary glands, and extended stomach and hips section resembling a woman in an advanced stage of pregnancy. Studies have shown that these figurines were not sexual in nature but were created as goddesses or fertility talismans to aid childbirth. Here it is easy to deduce that prehistoric humans understood the importance of gathering enough food to stave off hunger as well as the need to procreate in order to populate the earth. Even in prehistoric times, man had to find ways in which to keep themselves entertained and the bone flute items found in the Hohle Fel caves showed that they created music and may have told stories around community fires. The bone flute which was made from vulture bones and spotted 5 holes meant that prehistoric man was quite adept at creating multiple musical tunes to entertain or celebrate events. In conclusion, these deductions showed that prehistoric man did all they could to survive the harsh environment of era gone by. They exhibited above average intelligence in hunting as well as high level creativity in terms of entertainment and creating the art works we pore over today. References: Dobres, M. (1992). â€Å"Re-considering Venus figurines: A feminist-inspired re-analysis Owen, R. Porr, M. (1999). â€Å"Questioning stereotypical notions of prehistoric tool functions: Ethno-analogy, experimentation, and functional analysis. Tringham, R. (1993). Review of: The civilization of the goddess. Wikipedia: Prehistoric Art.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art Francis, G. (2007). Religious Awareness in Art Forms from Prehistory to Today 3-5  crossroadsnyc.com/files/Greene_CaveArt.pdf John, W. (2011). In African Caves Signs of an Ancient Paint Factory.  nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Vol. 97, No. 1 (1967), 95-97.

Free Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Trade - Essay Example Free trade also underscores the benefit of the foreign direct investment in Canada, particularly by the United States in their bilateral trade. To cite an example, Alex Rugman (1990) points to the greater stock of US foreign direct investment in Canada than Canadian foreign direct investment in the United States. (p. 78) The impact of this fact offsets the reservations of critics regarding the outward flow of Canadian wealth to other countries. It makes sense to think that because of the larger amount of capital invested, the US firms in Canada demand more labour than those needed by the Canadian firms operating in the US, or the jobs â€Å"lost† when Canadian capital is funneled abroad. Free trade also addresses the issue in regard to tariffs and the concept of â€Å"rules of origin.† It is inevitable to have discrimination in favor of supplies from one country, risking the diversion of lower-cost supplies from another. By reducing tariff levels in multilateral system, free trade can reduce discrimination as well as strengthen cost control. (Barton, Goldstein & Josling 2006, p. 176) The value of the Canadian dollar that accompanied the negotiation and implementation of free trade upset all projections of benefits to Canada†¦ In effect, an increase in the exchange rate of 15 percent is equivalent to imposing a tax on all exports of 15 percent and removing a 15 percent tariff on imports. (p. xvii) Finally, it is important to highlight that free trade agreements in general lead to internal reforms and that all countries that are engaged in them may benefit from it. There is the aspect about raising standards to bolster competitiveness, for example. To illustrate: Since Canadian customers now have better access than ever before to products and services made in the United States, they have become more demanding consumers as they assimilate the American consumer expectations. While