An Exploration of Dulness In Popes Dunciad - Literature Essay Samples

One of Popes most fundamental premises in The Dunciad is the idea that the demise of the word cannot be blamed solely on the Grub Street hacks but also on academicians at large. Not only does the uncreating word of Chaos (IV 653) pose as a religious and moral Armageddon this allusion to the reinstatement of conditions that existed before creation being perhaps the most sinister image in the poems entirety but also as a semantic and creative apocalypse. The textual critics such as the Tibbaldian hero of the previous editions of The Dunciad, clearly contribute to this dissolution, and their effect on the authors wits whom they study is violent and brutal: When Dulness, smiling Thus revive the Wits! But murder first, and mince them all to bits Let standard authors, thus, like trophies born, Appear more glorious as more hackd and torn, And you, my Critics! in the chequerd shade, Admire new light through holes yourselves have made. (IV 119-126)Among the vast army of personae attac ked by Pope in The Dunciad, two characters, Dr Busby and Richard Bentley are satirised at some length and as such, are held as the arch propagators of academic Dulness. Being projected very much as Dulness chief representative in schools, Busbys heavy pedantry and a heavier hand is shown to debar pupils from genuine enlightenment: We ply the Memory, we load the brain, Bind rebel Wit, and double chain on chain, Confine the thought, to exercise the breath; And keep them in the pale of Words till death. Whater the talents, or hower designd, We hang one jingling padlock on the mind. (IV 157-162)Warburtons annotations to these lines likens the versified mnemonics in rote-learning as practiced by Dr Busby in Winchester to the bells put onto draught horses bridles, emphasises Popes own satire of an inescapable academic world in which, words instead of being a means to knowledge, are built into a barrier against it. This idea of textual Dulness as repressive, burdensome, and imprisoni ng has also been presented earlier to the reader: Beneath her footstool, Science groans in chains, And Wit dreads exile, penalties, and pains. There foamd rebellious Logic , gaggd and bound, There, strippd, fair Rhetric languishd on the ground (IV 21-24)But Popes satire extends beyond Busbys stick-wielding classroom habits to political Dulness, immaturity and consequently independence, in the sense that the Boy-Senator, even after leaving school, still cringes in fear of being punished. As Valerie Rumbold notes, when such young men leave school Walpole takes on the absolute power of a Busby over them, making nonsense of their supposed role as representatives of a free people. Pope seems to suggest that this education can be of little use as it takes no more account of the varying demands life will make on the students than it does of their varying talents. Seemingly, Busbys academic Dulness not only stunts free-thinking creative growth, but also his influence resurfaces as a de bilitating trait in his students later on in their careers.Yet another perfect bÃÆ'Â ªte noire for the ancients such as Pope, Bentleys mangling of the text of Miltons Paradise Lost is also exemplary for corrupting words in what is considered to be a superficial, unnecessary, and irrelevant exercise: Turn what they will to verse, their toil is vain, Critics like me shall make it prose again. (IV 213-214)Bentleys enlightened concern with accuracy is deliberately confounded with his Enlightenment arrogance, his inability to allow the dead poet his autonomy. As J. Philip Brockbank notes, Our education, as transmitters of literary tradition, have some place in the creation story, and their function, according to Pope, has been to subdue all creative art to dullness. Having once censured Dunce scholars such as Bentley and Theobald who either over-analyse texts (particularly problematic if the mistakes found therein are from Popes own works) or fragment literature to a series of meaning less words and disjointed letters, which cease therefore to signify, (Tis true, on words is still our whole debate,/ Disputes of Me or Te , of aut or at,/ To sound or sink in cano , O or A,/ Or give up Cicero to C or K {IV 219-222}) Popes satire on Dulness is further applied to the incongruity of things. The way the characters in The Rape of the Lock attach immoderate importance to particular objects (the lock of hair itself), is one of Popes chief sources of social and cultural comment. In it, there is also a tendency for routine objects to be invested with almost religious significance and to be registered as precious or attractive. The same method is employed in The Dunciad, but the transitions which the objects experience are different. As critic Martin Blocksidge notes, Wherein The Rape of the Lock the trivial was made significant, in The Dunciad, the potentially significant is trivialised in order to present a view of culture and learning which has become fatally fragmented an d concerned with mere shards rather than with real objects. The whole superficiality of learning and apprehension is summed up in Popes treatment of the young man undertaking his grand tour. Pope offers a criticism of tourists which has with time become commonplace enough: that they are likely to visit places simply for the joy of having been there, rather than because they are particularly well equipped to get anything out of what they see. Popes young Aeneas makes a breezy whistle-stop tour of Europe: Intrepid then, oer seas and lands he flew, Europe he saw, and Europe saw him too(IV 293-294)Not only are Europes cultural monuments cheapened by the young mans indiscriminating avidity before them (The Stews and Palace equally explord/ Intrigd with glory, and with spirit whord {315-6}), some are degraded by time anyway. For example, the once-great city of Venice is now merely effete and vicious: Where, easd of Fleets, the Adriatic main Wafts the smooth Eunuch and enamourd swain. Led by my hand, he saunterd Europe round, And gatherd evry Vice on Christian ground; (IV 309-312)Introducing a satirical account of what was considered to be a necessary part in the completion of the education of the member of the ruling class in the eighteenth century, this Grand Tour did little to mature the minds of the young travellers but instead was blamed for introducing foreign corruption into politics, religion and culture, as well as allowing the men to indulge in unrestrained debauchery in a city of decadent carnivals involving masking and fancy dress. And Venice, in dull decline despite a proud tradition of liberty, can furthermore also be seen as a specific warning to Britain.

History of Educational Technology - 2941 Words

History of Educational Technology Educational technology in a way could be traced back to the emergence of very early tools, e.g., paintings on cave walls. But usually its history starts with educational film (1900s) or Sidney Presseys mechanical teaching machines in the 1920s. The first large scale usage of new technologies can be traced to US WWII training of soldiers through training films and other mediated materials. Today, presentation-based technology, based on the idea that people can learn through aural and visual reception, exists in many forms, e.g., streaming audio and video, or PowerPoint presentations with voice-over. Another interesting invention of the 1940s was hypertext, i.e., V. Bushs memex. The 1950s led to two†¦show more content†¦Some literature uses the concept of integrated learning to describe blended learning scenarios that integrate both school and authentic (e.g., workplace) settings. There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages. The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids. The second stage of educational technology is associated with the electronic revolution with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly,Show MoreRelatedHistory of Educational Technology2929 Words   |  12 PagesHistory of Educational Technology Educational technology in a way could be traced back to the emergence of very early tools, e.g., paintings on cave walls. But usually its history starts with educational film (1900s) or Sidney Presseys mechanical teaching machines in the 1920s. The first large scale usage of new technologies can be traced to US WWII training of soldiers through training films and other mediated materials. Today, presentation-based technology, based on the idea that people can learnRead MoreUse of Technology in the Classroom: Potentials and Pitfalls Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Technology in the Classroom: Potentials and Pitfalls In the last decade, increasingly powerful technologies have begun to make their way into classrooms across the nation. Many classrooms are now equipped with personal computers that run educational software to help teach students facts and concepts in a more engaging way than a traditional lecture. Advances in telecommunications technologies have led to almost universal access to the Internet, allowing students and teachers to communicateRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Young Children1118 Words   |  5 Pagesseen the evolution of technology. Society has gone from having just one TV in the home to being immersed where technology is surrounding people everywhere they turn. 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Generations pass as technological knowledge increasesRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom1323 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers, in some instances smartboards, but overall the influence of technology in the classroom is limited. This scene is practically identical to every other classroom across the country. Although society has evolved to embrace technology, the American classroom has had little alteration to its scenery and little acceptance of technology in educating students. In contrast to the past, the classroom and the educational techniques used in the twenty-first century have evolved. Throughout theRead MoreThe Formulation Of Public Policy871 Words   |  4 Pageshow policy is made and fails to define policy. Levison and Sutton (2001) also define policy as a verb by equating policy â€Å"as a practice of power† (p. 2). This definition implies that policymakers are powerful when in there have been times in our history that marginalized groups of people acquired more power as a result of policy. Groups such as the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered community (or communities, depending on your perspective), could hardly be described as powerful yet they areRead MoreThe Educational Value Of Virtual Reality1686 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I Have a Question!†: The Educational Value of Virtual Reality Since the 1950’s, virtual reality (VR) has been hovering on the periphery of technology without achieving accepted mainstream application or commercial adoption. However, that is beginning to change and virtual reality has become a popular topic within the latest technological headlines. According to TechCrunch, VR startups have raised more than $1.46 billion in venture capital, and people believe that this is the year that VR will finally

Business Plan for Small Cafe - 9665 Words

Table of Content Marketing Plan 4 Introduce the product and/or service 4 Define the Market 4 Company Location 4 Demographics: 5 Demonstrate a market need, define market drivers: 5 Market Segmentation 5 Consumer and Menu Trends 6 Competition: 7 The Market and Competition 8 Government regulation 9 Business Cycle 9 Marketing Strategy 10 Pricing 11 Packaging 11 Advertising 11 Promotions 12 Distribution 13 Selling Incentives 13 Location Analysis 13 New Product Development 13 Sales Forecast: 14 Market Share: 15 Marketing Salaries Budget: 15 Competition 16 Legitimize claims and assertions 17 Marketing Budget 17 Operations Plan- The Enclave Bistro 17 Mission 18 Positioning Statement 18 Product and Service 18†¦show more content†¦Dual Working adult families that prefer to dine-out with family and friends. Healthy eating individuals that are intrigued with enjoying a diverse selection of healthy recipes consisting of low-crabs, low-fat and organic foods. Consumer and Menu Trends What s Hot on Restaurant Menus? A survey of more than 1,000 chefs shows that some of the hottest menu trends are bite-sized desserts, locally grown and organic produce, flatbread and bottled water. Additional hot items include pomegranates; figs; grass-fed and free-range meat; fresh herbs and exotic mushrooms; whole-grain breads and focaccia; Mediterranean, Latin American and Pan Asian fusion cuisines; salts, aged meats and ginger; pan-seared, grilled and braised items; specialty sandwiches; and Asian appetizers. (Information provided by Restaurant.org). Sales at full-service restaurants are projected to reach $182.9 billion in 2009, an increase of 1.0 percent over 2008. Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $163.8 billion in 2009, a gain of 4.0 percent over 2008. Eating-and-drinking places will see an increase in sales from 2008 of 2.2 percent, totaling $395 billion. (Information provided by Restaurant.org). 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Energy - the Evironment and Climate Change

Question: Describe the context/situation that has created the problem? Answer: Canada has a variant and wide range of ecosystem. It is known that 7 percent of the country is covered with rivers and lakes. Due to a huge area being covered by water, Canada has been a good resource for providing freshwater for a wide range of animals and birds. In addition to the supply of freshwater, Canada possesses the some of the biggest industries that are involved in extracting natural resources like uranium, oil and gas. However, recently Canada is facing a serious issue regarding climate change as the Arctic is suffering from global warming and is heating up faster than any other biome of the country (Smith, 2015). Due to the climate change in the Arctic region, Canada is also getting affected. Canada is the home for the polar bears; and it is due to the global warming that the polar bears are finding it difficult to survive in the homeland. The climate change is affecting the climate and other sectors of Canada at a huge rate. It has already been mentioned that, Canada possesses a number of industries for extracting gas, uranium and oil; however, these extractions contribute to the carbon emissions in the air. It is due to the emission that the country suffering from heavy air pollution. The urban population of the country is getting hugely affected by the air pollution. In addition to this, the government agencies have reported that it is due to the air pollution in the urban areas, the country is experiencing acid rain. Air pollution is gradually polluting the water and hence World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is also concerned about the ecosystem of the country as the dams that were built on the Canadian Rivers have been huge source of water for consumption, agriculture and for industrial purpose (Rabe, 2010). To counter the problems, Canada has signed a number of international treaties to protect the environment from the pollution. Canada has been the first nation to give the final consent to the UN convention on biological diversity. The government has taken necessary actions to protect 10 percent of the land mass of Canada along with protecting 3 million hectares of ocean. In addition to this, the people of Canada are taking initiative to control the extraction of natural resources of the country and taking measures to see that the extractions are done carefully with minimum emissions (Hodgson, 2010). Canada has signed various international treaties to combat the air pollution. In addition to this, the people living in Canada are advised to control the use of fossil fuels to control the air pollution. Once the people of Canada take measures to control the emissions regarding the extractions then the country would not have to indulge in making international treaties that contribute to extra financial expenditure. Controlling the extractions of the fossil fuel would not require any extra financial expenditure but just a bit of more responsibility shown from the part of the people living in the country will effectively reduce the air pollution Canada. In addition to the international treaties, Canada could impart awareness programs about controlling the extractions of fossil fuels. In this way, the people will learn more about the problems of the country and will take necessary measures to help the country solve the issues of air pollution Climate change: climate change can be defined as a change in the change in the climatic conditions of a particular region or the entire earth due to a change that has been occurring in the weather for a long period of time. The change can be witnessed either by a change in the weather conditions or by a change in weather and seasonal patterns of the region (Ensaa.eu, 2015). References Ensaa.eu,. (2015). Defining Climate Change. Retrieved 15 September 2015, from https://www.ensaa.eu/index.php/climate-change/97-defining-climate-change.html Hodgson, P. (2010). Energy, the environment and climate change. London: Imperial College Press. Rabe, B. (2010). Greenhouse governance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Smith, B. (2015). Canada: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology. Azocleantech.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015, from https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=563